Article 3. West Virginia Medical Practice Act

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§30-3-1. Legislative findings.
      The Legislature hereby finds and declares that the practice of medicine and surgery and the practice of podiatry is a privilege and not a natural right of individuals. As a matter of public policy, it is necessary to protect the public interest through enactment of this article and to regulate the granting of such privileges and their use.
 

§30-3-2. Purpose.
      The purpose of this article is to provide for the licensure and professional discipline of physicians and podiatrists and for the certification and discipline of physician assistants and to provide a professional environment that encourages the delivery of quality medical services within this state.
 

§30-3-3. Short title.
      This article shall be known and may be cited as the "West Virginia Medical Practice Act."
 

§30-3-4. Definitions.
      As used in this article:
      (1) "Board" means the West Virginia board of medicine established in section five of this article. Whenever any other provision of this code refers to the "medical licensing board of West Virginia", the reference shall be construed to mean and refer to the "West Virginia board of medicine" as created and established in this article.
      (2) "Medical peer review committee" means a committee of, or appointed by, a state or local professional medical society, or a committee of, or appointed by, a medical staff of a licensed hospital, long-term care facility or other health care facility, or any health care peer review organization as defined in section one, article three-c of this chapter, or any other organization of professionals in this state formed pursuant to state or federal law and authorized to evaluate medical and health care services.
      (3) "Practice of medicine and surgery" means the diagnosis or treatment of, or operation or prescription for, any human disease, pain, injury, deformity or other physical or mental condition.
      (4) "Practice of podiatry" means the examination, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and care of conditions and functions of the human foot and ankle by medical, surgical and other scientific knowledge and methods; with surgical treatment of the ankle authorized only when a podiatrist has been granted privileges to perform ankle surgery by a hospital’s medical staff credentialing committee based on the training and experience of the podiatrist; and medical and surgical treatment of warts and other dermatological lesions of the hand which similarly occur in the foot. When a podiatrist uses other than local anesthesia, in surgical treatment of the foot, the anesthesia must be administered by, or under the direction of, an anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist authorized under the state of West Virginia to administer anesthesia. A medical evaluation shall be made by a physician of every patient prior to the administration of other than local anesthesia.
      (5) "State director of health" means the state director of health or his or her designee, which designee shall act as secretary of the board and shall carry out any and all responsibilities assigned in this article to the secretary of the board.
 

§30-3-5. West Virginia board of medicine created; transfer of powers and duties from medical licensing board; appointment and terms of members; vacancies; removal.
      There is hereby created a medical licensing board to be known as the "West Virginia board of medicine." The West Virginia board of medicine shall assume, carry on and succeed to all the duties, rights, powers, obligations and liabilities heretofore belonging to or exercised by the medical licensing board of West Virginia. All the rules and regulations, orders, rulings, licenses, certificates, permits and other acts and undertakings of the medical licensing board of West Virginia as heretofore constituted shall continue as those of the West Virginia board of medicine until they expire or are amended, altered or revoked. The board shall be the sole authority for the issuance of licenses to practice medicine and surgery and to practice podiatry and certificates for physician assistants in this state and shall be a regulatory and disciplinary body for the practice of medicine and surgery and the practice of podiatry and for physician assistants in this state.
      The board shall consist of fifteen members. One member shall be the state director of health ex officio, with the right to vote as a member of the board. The other fourteen members shall be appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate. Eight of the members shall be appointed from among individuals holding the degree of doctor of medicine and two shall hold the degree of doctor of podiatric medicine. One member shall be an individual certified by the board as a Type A physician assistant. Each of these members must be duly licensed or certified to practice his or her profession in this state on the date of appointment and must have been licensed or certified and actively practicing that profession for at least five years immediately preceding the date of appointment. Three lay members shall be appointed to represent health care consumers. Neither the lay members nor any person of the lay members' immediate families shall be a provider of or be employed by a provider of health care services. The state director of health's term shall continue for the period that he or she holds office as state director of health. Each other member of the board shall be appointed to serve a term of five years: Provided, That the members of the medical licensing board or board of medicine holding appointments on the effective date of this section shall continue to serve as members of the board of medicine until the expiration of their term unless sooner removed. Each term shall begin on the first day of October of the applicable year, and a member may not be appointed to more than two consecutive full terms on the board.
      Not more than four physicians, one podiatrist and two lay members appointed by the governor as members of the board shall belong to the same political party. The Type A physician assistant member may not belong to the same political party to which a majority of the lay members belong. A person is not eligible for membership on the board who is a member of any political party executive committee or, with the exception of the state director of health, who holds any public office or public employment under the federal government or under the government of this state or any political subdivision thereof or who is an appointee or employee of the state board of health.
      In making appointments to the board, the governor shall, so far as practicable, select the members from different geographical sections of the state. When a vacancy on the board occurs and less than one year remains in the unexpired term, the appointee shall be eligible to serve the remainder of the unexpired term and two consecutive full terms on the board.
      No member may be removed from office except for official misconduct, incompetence, neglect of duty or gross immorality: Provided, That the expiration or revocation of the professional license or certification of a member of the board shall be cause for removal.
 

§30-3-5a.
Repealed.
Acts, 1951 Reg. Sess., Ch. 146.
 

§30-3-6. Conduct of business of West Virginia board of medicine; meetings; officers; compensation; expenses; quorum.
      Every two years the board shall elect from among its members a president and vice president. Regular meetings shall be held as scheduled by the rules and regulations of the board. Special meetings of the board may be called by the joint action of the president and vice president or by any three members of the board on seven days' prior written notice by mail or, in case of emergency, on two days' notice by telephone. With the exception of the state director of health, members of the board shall receive one hundred dollars for each day actually spent in attending the sessions of the board or its committees. A board member shall be reimbursed for all reasonable and necessary expenses actually incurred when a meeting is held in a location that is removed from the member's place of residence.
      A majority of the membership of the board constitutes a quorum for the transaction of business, and business is transacted by a majority vote of a quorum, except for disciplinary actions which shall require the affirmative vote of not less than five members or a majority vote of those present, whichever is greater.
      Meetings of the board shall be held in public session, except that the board may hold closed sessions to prepare, approve, grade or administer examinations. Disciplinary proceedings, prior to a finding of probable cause as provided in subsection (o), section fourteen of this article, shall be held in closed sessions, unless the party subject to discipline requests that the hearing be held in public session.
 

§30-3-7. Powers and duties of West Virginia board of medicine.
      (a) The board, in accordance with the provisions of this article, shall administer and supervise examinations and determine qualifications of applicants for licenses to practice medicine and surgery and to practice podiatry, shall issue licenses to qualified applicants and shall regulate the professional conduct and discipline of such individuals. In carrying out its functions, the board may:
      (1) Adopt such regulations as are necessary to carry out the purposes of this article;
      (2) Hold hearings and conduct investigations, subpoena witnesses and documents and administer oaths;
      (3) Institute proceedings in the courts of this state to enforce its subpoenas for the production of witnesses and documents and its orders and to restrain and enjoin violations of this article and of any regulations promulgated under it;
      (4) Employ investigators, attorneys, hearing examiners, consultants and such other employees as may be necessary;
      (5) Enter into contracts and receive and disburse funds according to law;
      (6) Establish and certify standards for the supervision and certification of physician assistants;
      (7) Authorize medical and podiatry corporations in accordance with the provisions and subject to the limitations of section fifteen of this article to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry through duly licensed physicians or podiatrists;
      (8) Establish a fee, not to exceed fifty dollars, for a reciprocal endorsement; and
      (9) Perform such other duties as are set forth in this article or otherwise provided for in this code.
      (b) The board shall submit an annual report of its activities to the Legislature. The report shall include a statistical analysis of complaints received, charges investigated, charges dismissed after investigation, the grounds for each such dismissal and disciplinary proceedings and disposition.
 

§30-3-7a. Findings and Rule-making authority.
      (a) The Legislature finds that it is appropriate and in the public interest to require the Board of Medicine to regulate the practice of Radiologist Assistants.
      (b) The West Virginia Board of Medicine, with the advice of the West Virginia Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy Technology Board of Examiners, shall propose rules for legislative approval, in accordance with the provisions of article three, chapter twenty-nine-a of this code, to:
      (1) Establish the scope of practice of a Radiologist Assistant;
      (2) Develop the education and training requirements for a Radiologist Assistant; and
      (3) Regulate Radiologist Assistants.
 

§30-3-8. State director of health to act as secretary of the board.
      The state director of health, in addition to being a member of the board, shall act as its secretary and shall be in charge of its offices and responsible to the board for the maintenance of the offices and the preparation of application forms, licenses, reports and all other papers or documents that may be required by the board in the performance of its duties. He shall, together with the president of the board, sign all licenses, reports and other documents.
 

§30-3-9. Records of board; expungement; examination; notice; public information; voluntary agreements relating to alcohol or chemical dependency; confidentiality of same; physician-patient privileges.
      (a) The board shall maintain a permanent record of the names of all physicians, podiatrists, and physician assistants, licensed, certified or otherwise lawfully practicing in this state and of all persons applying to be so licensed to practice, along with an individual historical record for each such individual containing reports and all other information furnished the board under this article or otherwise. Such record may include, in accordance with rules established by the board, additional items relating to the individual's record of professional practice that will facilitate proper review of such individual's professional competence.
      (b) Upon a determination by the board that any report submitted to it is without merit, the report shall be expunged from the individual's historical record.
      (c) A physician, podiatrist, physician assistant or applicant, or authorized representative thereof, has the right, upon request, to examine his or her own individual historical record maintained by the board pursuant to this article and to place into such record a statement of reasonable length of his or her own view of the correctness or relevance of any information existing in such record. Such statement shall at all times accompany that part of the record in contention.
      (d) A physician, podiatrist, physician assistant or applicant has the right to seek through court action the amendment or expungement of any part of his or her historical record.
      (e) A physician, podiatrist, physician assistant or applicant shall be provided written notice within thirty days of the placement and substance of any information in his or her individual historical record that pertains to him or her and that was not submitted to the board by him or her.
      (f) Except for information relating to biographical background, education, professional training and practice, a voluntary agreement entered into pursuant to subsection (h) of this section and which has been disclosed to the board, prior disciplinary action by any entity, or information contained on the licensure application, the board shall expunge information in an individual's historical record unless it has initiated a proceeding for a hearing upon such information within two years of the placing of the information into the historical record.
      (g) Orders of the board relating to disciplinary action against a physician, podiatrist or physician assistant are public information.
      (h) (1) In order to encourage voluntary participation in monitored alcohol chemical dependency or major mental illness programs and in recognition of the fact that major mental illness, alcoholism and chemical dependency are illnesses, a physician, podiatrist or physician assistant licensed, certified or otherwise lawfully practicing in this state or applying for a license to practice in this state may enter into a voluntary agreement with the physician health program as defined in section two, article three-d of this chapter. The agreement between the physician, podiatrist or physician assistant and the physician health program shall include a jointly agreed upon treatment program and mandatory conditions and procedures to monitor compliance with the program of recovery.
      (2) Any voluntary agreement entered into pursuant to this subsection shall not be considered a disciplinary action or order by the board, shall not be disclosed to the board and shall not be public information if:
      (A) Such voluntary agreement is the result of the physician, podiatrist or physician assistant self-enrolling or voluntarily participating in the board-designated physician health program;
      (B) The board has not received nor filed any written complaints regarding said physician, podiatrist or physician assistant relating to an alcohol, chemical dependency or major mental illness affecting the care and treatment of patients, nor received any reports pursuant to subsection (b), section fourteen of this article relating to an alcohol or chemical dependency impairment; and
      (C) The physician, podiatrist or physician assistant is in compliance with the voluntary treatment program and the conditions and procedures to monitor compliance.
      (3) If any physician, podiatrist or physician assistant enters into a voluntary agreement with the board-approved physician health program, pursuant to this subsection and then fails to comply with or fulfill the terms of said agreement, the physician health program shall report the noncompliance to the board within twenty-four hours. The board may initiate disciplinary proceedings pursuant to subsection (a), section fourteen of this article or may permit continued participation in the physician health program or both.
      (4) If the board has not instituted any disciplinary proceeding as provided for in this article, any information received, maintained or developed by the board relating to the alcohol or chemical dependency impairment of any physician, podiatrist or physician assistant and any voluntary agreement made pursuant to this subsection shall be confidential and not available for public information, discovery or court subpoena, nor for introduction into evidence in any medical professional liability action or other action for damages arising out of the provision of or failure to provide health care services.
      In the board's annual report of its activities to the Legislature required under section seven of this article, the board shall include information regarding the success of the voluntary agreement mechanism established therein: Provided, That in making such report, the board shall not disclose any personally identifiable information relating to any physician, podiatrist or physician assistant participating in a voluntary agreement as provided herein.
      Notwithstanding any of the foregoing provisions, the board may cooperate with and provide documentation of any voluntary agreement entered into pursuant to this subsection to licensing boards in other jurisdictions of which the board has become aware and may be appropriate.
      (i) Any physician-patient privilege does not apply in any investigation or proceeding by the board or by a medical peer review committee or by a hospital governing board with respect to relevant hospital medical records, while any of the aforesaid are acting within the scope of their authority: Provided, That the disclosure of any information pursuant to this provision shall not be considered a waiver of any such privilege in any other proceeding.
 

§30-3-10. Licenses to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry.
(a) The board shall issue a license to practice medicine and surgery or to practice podiatry to any individual who is qualified to do so in accordance with the provisions of this article.
(b) For an individual to be licensed to practice medicine and surgery in this state, he or she must meet the following requirements:
(1) He or she shall submit an application to the board on a form provided by the board and remit to the board a reasonable fee, the amount of the reasonable fee to be set by the board. The application must, as a minimum, require a sworn and notarized statement that the applicant is of good moral character and that he or she is physically and mentally capable of engaging in the practice of medicine and surgery;
(2) He or she must provide evidence of graduation and receipt of the degree of doctor of medicine or its equivalent from a school of medicine, which is approved by the liaison committee on medical education or by the board;
(3) He or she must submit evidence to the board of having successfully completed a minimum of one year of graduate clinical training in a program approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education; and
(4) He or she must pass an examination approved by the board, which examination can be related to a national standard. The examination shall be in the English language and be designed to ascertain an applicant's fitness to practice medicine and surgery. The board shall before the date of examination determine what will constitute a passing score: Provided, That the board, or a majority of it, may accept in lieu of an examination of applicants the certificate of the National Board of Medical Examiners: Provided, however, That an applicant is required to attain a passing score on all components or steps of the examination within a period of ten consecutive years: Provided further, That an applicant who has failed to successfully complete and pass any one of the three steps of the United States medical licensing examination (USMLE) in three attempts is required to appear before the board for a determination by the board, in its discretion, as to what, if any, further education, evaluation and training is required for further consideration of licensure. The board need not reject a candidate for a nonmaterial technical or administrative error or omission in the application process that is unrelated to the candidate's professional qualifications as long as there is sufficient information available to the board to determine the eligibility of the candidate for licensure.
(c) In addition to the requirements of subsection (b) of this section, any individual who has received the degree of doctor of medicine or its equivalent from a school of medicine located outside of the United States, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and Canada to be licensed to practice medicine in this state must also meet the following additional requirements and limitations:
(1) He or she must be able to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board his or her ability to communicate in the English language;
(2) Before taking a licensure examination, he or she must have fulfilled the requirements of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates for certification or he or she must provide evidence of receipt of a passing score on the examination of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates: Provided, That an applicant who: (i) Is currently fully licensed, excluding any temporary, conditional or restricted license or permit, under the laws of another state, the District of Columbia, Canada or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; (ii) has been engaged on a full-time professional basis in the practice of medicine within the state or jurisdiction where the applicant is fully licensed for a period of at least five years; and (iii) is not the subject of any pending disciplinary action by a medical licensing board and has not been the subject of professional discipline by a medical licensing board in any jurisdiction is not required to have a certificate from the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates;
(3) He or she must submit evidence to the board of either: (i) Having successfully completed a minimum of two years of graduate clinical training in a program approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education; or (ii) current certification by a member board of the American Board of Medical Specialties.
(d) For an individual to be licensed to practice podiatry in this state, he or she must meet the following requirements:
(1) He or she shall submit an application to the board on a form provided by the board and remit to the board a reasonable fee, the amount of the reasonable fee to be set by the board. The application must, as a minimum, require a sworn and notarized statement that the applicant is of good moral character and that he or she is physically and mentally capable of engaging in the practice of podiatric medicine;
(2) He or she must provide evidence of graduation and receipt of the degree of doctor of podiatric medicine or its equivalent from a school of podiatric medicine which is approved by the Council of Podiatry Education or by the board;
(3) He or she must pass an examination approved by the board, which examination can be related to a national standard. The examination shall be in the English language and be designed to ascertain an applicant's fitness to practice podiatric medicine. The board shall before the date of examination determine what will constitute a passing score: Provided, That an applicant is required to attain a passing score on all components or steps of the examination within a period of ten consecutive years: Provided, however, That an applicant who has failed to successfully complete and pass any one of the three steps of the National Board of Podiatric Medical Examiners examination in three attempts shall be required to appear before the board for a determination by the board, in its discretion, as to what, if any, further education, evaluation and/or training is required for further consideration of licensure; and
(4) He or she must submit evidence to the board of having successfully completed a minimum of one year of graduate clinical training in a program approved by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education or the Colleges of Podiatric Medicine. The board may consider a minimum of two years of graduate podiatric clinical training in the U. S. armed forces or three years' private podiatric clinical experience in lieu of this requirement.
(e) Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this article, the board may issue a restricted license to an applicant in extraordinary circumstances under the following conditions:
(1) Upon a finding by the board that based on the applicant's exceptional education, training and practice credentials, the applicant's practice in the state would be beneficial to the public welfare;
(2) Upon a finding by the board that the applicant's education, training and practice credentials are substantially equivalent to the requirements of licensure established in this article;
(3) Upon a finding by the board that the applicant received his or her post-graduate medical training outside of the United States and its territories;
(4) That the restricted license issued under extraordinary circumstances is approved by a vote of three fourths of the members of the board;
(5) That orders denying applications for a restricted license under this subsection are not appealable; and
(6) That the board report to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Delegates all decisions made pursuant to this subsection and the reasons for those decisions.
(f) The board shall propose rules for legislative approval in accordance with the provisions of article three, chapter twenty- nine-a of this code, that establish and regulate the restricted license issued to an applicant in extraordinary circumstances pursuant to the provisions of this section.
(g) All licenses to practice medicine and surgery granted prior to the first day of July, two thousand eight, and valid on that date shall continue in full effect for the term and under the conditions provided by law at the time of the granting of the license: Provided, That the provisions of subsection (d) of this section do not apply to any person legally entitled to practice chiropody or podiatry in this state prior to the eleventh day of June, one thousand nine hundred sixty-five: Provided, however, That all persons licensed to practice chiropody prior to the eleventh day of June, one thousand nine hundred sixty-five, shall be permitted to use the term "chiropody-podiatry" and shall have the rights, privileges and responsibilities of a podiatrist set out in this article.
(h) The board may not issue a license to a person not previously licensed in West Virginia whose license has been revoked or suspended in another state until reinstatement of his or her license in that state.
 

§30-3-10a. Special volunteer medical license; civil immunity for       voluntary services rendered to indigents.
      (a) There is hereby established a special volunteer medical license for physicians retired or retiring from the active practice of medicine who wish to donate their expertise for the medical care and treatment of indigent and needy patients in the clinic setting of clinics organized, in whole or in part, for the delivery of health care services without charge. The special volunteer medical license shall be issued by the West Virginia board of medicine to physicians licensed or otherwise eligible for licensure under this article and the rules promulgated hereunder without the payment of any application fee, license fee or renewal fee, shall be issued for a fiscal year or part thereof, and shall be renewable annually. The board shall develop application forms for the special license provided for in this subsection which shall contain the physician’s acknowledgment that: (1) The physician's practice under the special volunteer medical license will be exclusively and totally devoted to providing medical care to needy and indigent persons in West Virginia; (2) the physician will not receive any payment or compensation, either direct or indirect, or have the expectation of any payment or compensation, for any medical services rendered under the special volunteer medical license; (3) the physician will supply any supporting documentation that the board may reasonably require; and (4) the physician agrees to continue to participate in continuing medical education as required of physicians in active practice.
      (b) Any physician who renders any medical service to indigent and needy patients of a clinic organized, in whole or in part, for the delivery of health care services without charge under a special volunteer medical license authorized under subsection (a) of this section without payment or compensation or the expectation or promise of payment or compensation is immune from liability for any civil action arising out of any act or omission resulting from the rendering of the medical service at the clinic unless the act or omission was the result of the physician's gross negligence or willful misconduct. In order for the immunity under this subsection to apply, there must be a written agreement between the physician and the clinic pursuant to which the physician will provide voluntary noncompensated medical services under the control of the clinic to patients of the clinic before the rendering of any services by the physician at the clinic: Provided, That any clinic entering into such written agreement shall be required to maintain liability coverage of not less than one million dollars per occurrence.
      (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, a clinic organized, in whole or in part, for the delivery of health care services without charge shall not be relieved from imputed liability for the negligent acts of a physician rendering voluntary medical services at or for the clinic under a special volunteer medical license authorized under subsection (a) of this section.
      (d) For purposes of this section, "otherwise eligible for licensure" means the satisfaction of all the requirements for licensure as listed in section ten of this article and in the legislative rules promulgated hereunder, except the fee requirements of subsections (b) and (d) of said section and of the legislative rule promulgated by the board relating to fees.
      (e) Nothing in this section may be construed as requiring the board to issue a special volunteer medical license to any physician whose medical license is or has been subject to any disciplinary action or to any physician who has surrendered a medical license or caused such license to lapse, expire and become invalid in lieu of having a complaint initiated or other action taken against his or her medical license, or who has elected to place a medical license in inactive status in lieu of having a complaint initiated or other action taken against his or her medical license, or who have been denied a medical license.
      (f) Any policy or contract of liability insurance providing coverage for liability sold, issued or delivered in this state to any physician covered under the provisions of this article shall be read so as to contain a provision or endorsement whereby the company issuing such policy waives or agrees not to assert as a defense on behalf of the policyholder or any beneficiary thereof, to any claim covered by the terms of such policy within the policy limits, the immunity from liability of the insured by reason of the care and treatment of needy and indigent patients by a physician who holds a special volunteer medical license.
 

§30-3-11. Endorsement of licenses to practice medicine and surgery and podiatry; fees; temporary license; summer camp doctors.
      (a) Any person seeking to be licensed to practice medicine and surgery in this state who holds a valid license to practice medicine and surgery attained under requirements substantially similar to the requirement of section ten of this article from another state, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or Canada, and any person seeking to be licensed to practice podiatry in this state who holds a valid license to practice podiatry attained under requirements substantially similar to the requirements in section ten of this article from another state, territory or foreign country or the District of Columbia shall be issued a license to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry, as appropriate, in this state if he or she meets the following requirements:
      (1) He or she must submit an application to the board on forms provided by the board and remit a reasonable licensure fee, the amount of such reasonable fee to be set by the board. The application must, as a minimum, require a statement that the applicant is a licensed physician or podiatrist in good standing and indicate whether any medical disciplinary action has been taken against him or her in the past; and
      (2) He or she must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board that he or she has the requisite qualifications to provide the same standard of care as a physician or podiatrist initially licensed in this state.
      (b) The board may investigate the applicant and may request a personal interview to review the applicant's qualifications and professional credentials.
      (c) The board may, at its discretion, grant a temporary license to an individual applying for licensure under this section if the individual meets the requirements of subdivision (1), subsection (a) of this section. Such temporary license shall only be valid until the board is able to meet and consider the endorsement request. The board may fix and collect a reasonable fee for a temporary license, the amount of such reasonable fee to be set by the board.
      (d) The application fee shall be waived, and to the extent consistent with the integrity of the licensure process and the requirements for licensure as set forth in this section and in the relevant legislative rules, the board shall expedite its processing of an individual’s application to practice medicine and surgery, or practice podiatry: Provided, That the sole purpose for licensure is to provide services at a children’s summer camp for not more than one specifically designated three week period annually. The license shall be issued for a period of the specifically designated three weeks only, on an annual basis.
 

§30-3-11a. Endorsement of licenses to practice medicine and surgery as medical school faculty.
      (a) The board shall issue a limited license to practice medicine and surgery without examination to an individual appointed to a West Virginia medical school faculty who holds a valid license to practice medicine and surgery from another state, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Canada or other country the board determines has substantially equivalent requirements for licensure as those jurisdictions, and who has completed the application form prescribed by the board, remitted a nonrefundable application fee in the amount of one hundred fifty dollars and who presents satisfactory proof to the board that:
      (1) He or she is of good moral and professional character;
      (2) He or she is physically and mentally capable of engaging in the practice of medicine and surgery;
      (3) He or she is able to communicate in English;
      (4) He or she is a graduate of a school of medicine which is approved by the liaison committee on medical education or by the World Health Organization or by the board with the degree of doctor of medicine or its equivalent;
      (5) He or she has successfully completed one year of approved graduate clinical training or a fellowship of at least one year, or has received training which the board determines to be equivalent to or exceeds the one year graduate clinical training or fellowship requirement;
      (6) He or she has not committed any act in this or any other jurisdiction which would constitute the basis for disciplining a physician under section fourteen of this article; and
      (7) He or she has been offered and has accepted a faculty appointment to teach in a medical school in this state.
      (b) The board shall investigate the applicant and may request a personal interview to review the applicant’s qualifications and professional credentials.
      (c) The medical practice of a physician licensed under this section is limited to the medical center of the medical school to which the physician has been appointed to the faculty.
      (d) A limited license issued under this section is valid for a term of one year. No limited license issued pursuant to this section may be renewed.
      (e) Before the limited license has expired, a physician licensed under this section may apply for a license to practice medicine and surgery in West Virginia pursuant to the provisions of section twelve of this article: Provided, That any license granted by the board pursuant to this subsection, retains the practice limitations set out in subsection (c) of this section.
      (f) Any license issued under this section will automatically expire and be void, without notice to the physician, when the physician’s faculty appointment is terminated. The dean of the medical school shall notify the board within five days of the termination of a faculty appointment of a physician licensed pursuant to this section.
      (g) A physician licensed under this section must keep all medical licenses issued by other jurisdictions in good standing and must notify the board, within fifteen days of its occurrence, of any denial, suspension or revocation of or any limitation placed on a medical license issued by another jurisdiction.
 

§30-3-12. Biennial renewal of license to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry; continuing education; rules; fee; inactive license.
      (a) A license to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state is valid for a term of two years.
      (b) The license shall be renewed:
      (1) Upon receipt of a reasonable fee, as set by the board ;
      (2) Submission of an application on forms provided by the board; and
      (3) A certification of participation in and successful completion of a minimum of fifty hours of continuing medical or podiatric education satisfactory to the board, as appropriate to the particular license, during the preceding two-year period.
      (c) The application may not require disclosure of a voluntary agreement entered into pursuant to subsection (h), section nine of this article.
      (d) Continuing medical education satisfactory to the board is continuing medical education designated as Category I by the American Medical Association or the Academy of Family Physicians and alternate categories approved by the board.
      (e) Continuing podiatric education satisfactory to the board is continuing podiatric education approved by the Council on Podiatric Education and alternate categories approved by the board.
      (f) Notwithstanding any provision of this chapter to the contrary, beginning the first day of July , two thousand seven, failure to timely submit to the board a certification of successful completion of a minimum of fifty hours of continuing medical or podiatric education satisfactory to the board, as appropriate to the particular license, shall result in the automatic expiration of any license to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry until such time as the certification, with all supporting written documentation, is submitted to and approved by the board.
      (g) If a license is automatically expired and reinstatement is sought within one year of the automatic expiration, the former licensee shall:
      (1) Provide certification with supporting written documentation of the successful completion of the required continuing education;
      (2) Pay a renewal fee; and
      (3) Pay a reinstatement fee equal to fifty percent of the renewal fee.
      (h) If a license is automatically expired and more than one year has passed since the automatic expiration, the former licensee shall:
      (1) Apply for a new license;
      (2) Provide certification with supporting written documentation of the successful completion of the required continuing education; and
      (3) Pay such fees as determined by the board.
      (i) Any individual who accepts the privilege of practicing medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state is required to provide supporting written documentation of the continuing education represented as received within thirty days of receipt of a written request to do so by the board. If a licensee fails or refuses to provide supporting written documentation of the continuing education represented as received as required in this section, such failure or refusal to provide supporting written documentation is prima facie evidence of renewing a license to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry by fraudulent misrepresentation.
      (j) The board may renew, on an inactive basis, the license of a physician or podiatrist who is currently licensed to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry in, but is not actually practicing, medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state. A physician or podiatrist holding an inactive license shall not practice medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state.
      (k) An inactive license may be converted by the board to an active license upon a written request by the licensee to the board that:
      (1) Accounts for his or her period of inactivity to the satisfaction of the board; and (2) Submits written documentation of participation in and successful completion of a minimum of fifty hours of continuing medical or podiatric education satisfactory to the board, as appropriate to the particular license, during each preceding two-year period.
      (l) An inactive license may be obtained upon receipt of a reasonable fee, as set by the board, and submission of an application on forms provided by the board on a biennial basis.
      (m) The board may not require any physician or podiatrist who is retired or retiring from the active practice of medicine and surgery or the practice of podiatry and who is voluntarily surrendering their license to return to the board the license certificate issued to them by the board.
 

§30-3-13. Unauthorized practice of medicine and surgery or podiatry; criminal penalties; limitations.
      (a) A person shall not engage in the practice of medicine and surgery or podiatry, hold himself or herself out as qualified to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry or use any title, word or abbreviation to indicate to or induce others to believe that he or she is licensed to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state unless he or she is actually licensed under the provisions of this article. A person engaged in the practice of telemedicine is considered to be engaged in the practice of medicine within this state and is subject to the licensure requirements of this article. As used in this section, the term "practice of telemedicine" means the use of electronic information and communication technologies to provide health care when distance separates participants and includes one or both of the following: (1) The diagnosis of a patient within this state by a physician located outside this state as a result of the transmission of individual patient data, specimens or other material by electronic or other means from within this state to the physician or his or her agent; or (2) the rendering of treatment to a patient within this state by a physician located outside this state as a result of transmission of individual patient data, specimens or other material by electronic or other means from within this state to the physician or his or her agent. No person may practice as a physician's assistant, hold himself or herself out as qualified to practice as a physician's assistant, or use any title, word or abbreviation to indicate to or induce others to believe that he or she is licensed to practice as a physician's assistant in this state unless he or she is actually licensed under the provisions of this article. Any person who violates the provisions of this subsection is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than ten thousand dollars, or imprisoned in the county jail not more than twelve months, or both fined and imprisoned.
      (b) The provisions of this section do not apply to:
      (1) Persons who are duly licensed health care providers under other pertinent provisions of this code and are acting within the scope of their license;
      (2) Physicians or podiatrists licensed in other states or foreign countries who are acting in a consulting capacity with physicians or podiatrists duly licensed in this state, for a period of not more than three months: Provided, That this exemption is applicable on a one-time only basis;
      (3) An individual physician or podiatrist, or physician or podiatrist, or physician or podiatrist groups, or physicians or podiatrists at a tertiary care or university hospital outside this state and engaged in the practice of telemedicine who consult or render second opinions concerning diagnosis or treatment of patients within this state: (i) In an emergency or without compensation or expectation of compensation; or (ii) on an irregular or infrequent basis which occurs less than once a month or less than twelve times in a calendar year;
      (4) Persons holding licenses granted by another state or foreign country who are commissioned medical officers of, a member of or employed by the armed forces of the United States, the United States public health service, the veterans' administration of the United States, any federal institution or any other federal agency while engaged in the performance of their official duties;
      (5) Any person providing first-aid care in emergency situations;
      (6) The practice of the religious tenets of any recognized church in the administration of assistance to the sick or suffering by mental or spiritual means;
      (7) Visiting medical faculty engaged in teaching or research duties at a medical school or institution recognized by the board and who are in this state for periods of not more than six months: Provided, That the individuals do not otherwise engage in the practice of medicine or podiatry outside of the auspices of their sponsoring institutions;
      (8) Persons enrolled in a school of medicine approved by the liaison committee on medical education or by the board, or persons enrolled in a school of podiatric medicine approved by the council of podiatry education or by the board, or persons enrolled in an undergraduate or graduate physician assistant program approved by the committee on allied health education and accreditation or its successor on behalf of the American medical association or by the board, or persons engaged in graduate medical training in a program approved by the liaison committee on graduate medical education or the board, or engaged in graduate podiatric training in a program approved by the council on podiatric medical education or by the board, who are performing functions in the course of training including with respect to functions performed by medical residents or medical students under the supervision of a licensed physician, ordering and obtaining laboratory tests, medications and other patient orders by computer or other electronic means and no other provision of this code to the contrary may be construed to prohibit or limit medical residents' or medical students' use of computers or other electronic devices in this manner;
      (9) The fitting, recommending or sale of corrective shoes, arch supports or similar mechanical appliances in commercial establishments; and
      (10) The fitting or sale of a prosthetic or orthotic device not involving any surgical procedure, in accord with a prescription of a physician, osteopathic physician, or where chiropractors or podiatrists are authorized by law to prescribe such a prosthetic or orthotic device, in accord with a prescription of a chiropractor or podiatrist, by a practitioner certified in the provision of custom orthotic and prosthetic devices, respectively, by a nationally recognized credentialing body for orthotics and prosthetics that is accredited by the national commission for certifying agencies (NCCA): Provided, That the sale of any prosthetic or orthotic device by a partnership, proprietorship or corporation which employs such a practitioner or registered technician who fitted the prosthetic or orthotic device shall not constitute the unauthorized practice of medicine: Provided, however, That the practitioner or registered technician may, without a prescription, make recommendation solely to a physician or osteopathic physician or to a chiropractor or podiatrist otherwise authorized by law to prescribe a particular prosthetic or orthotic device, regarding any prosthetic or orthotic device to be used for a patient upon a request for such recommendation.
      (c) This section shall not be construed as being in any way a limitation upon the services of a physician's assistant performed in accordance with the provisions of this article.
      (d) Persons covered under this article may be permitted to utilize electronic signature or unique electronic identification to effectively sign materials, transmitted by computer or other electronic means, upon which signature is required for the purpose of authorized medical practice. Such signatures are deemed legal and valid for purposes related to the provision of medical services. This subsection does not confer any new practice privilege or right on any persons covered under this article.
 

§30-3-14. Professional discipline of physicians and podiatrists; reporting of information to board pertaining to medical professional liability and professional incompetence required; penalties; grounds for license denial and discipline of physicians and podiatrists; investigations; physical and mental examinations; hearings; sanctions; summary sanctions; reporting by the board; reapplication; civil and criminal immunity; voluntary limitation of license; probable cause determinations.

(a) The board may independently initiate disciplinary proceedings as well as initiate disciplinary proceedings based on information received from medical peer review committees, physicians, podiatrists, hospital administrators, professional societies and others.
The board may initiate investigations as to professional incompetence or other reasons for which a licensed physician or podiatrist may be adjudged unqualified based upon criminal convictions; complaints by citizens, pharmacists, physicians, podiatrists, peer review committees, hospital administrators, professional societies or others; or unfavorable outcomes arising out of medical professional liability. The board shall initiate an investigation if it receives notice that three or more judgments or any combination of judgments and settlements resulting in five or more unfavorable outcomes arising from medical professional liability have been rendered or made against the physician or podiatrist within a five year period. The board may not consider any judgments or settlements as conclusive evidence of professional incompetence or conclusive lack of qualification to practice.
(b) Upon request of the board, any medical peer review committee in this state shall report any information that may relate to the practice or performance of any physician or podiatrist known to that medical peer review committee. Copies of the requests for information from a medical peer review committee may be provided to the subject physician or podiatrist if, in the discretion of the board, the provision of such copies will not jeopardize the board's investigation. In the event that copies are so provided, the subject physician or podiatrist is allowed fifteen days to comment on the requested information and such comments must be considered by the board.
The chief executive officer of every hospital shall, within sixty days after the completion of the hospital's formal disciplinary procedure and also after the commencement of and again after the conclusion of any resulting legal action, report in writing to the board the name of any member of the medical staff or any other physician or podiatrist practicing in the hospital whose hospital privileges have been revoked, restricted, reduced or terminated for any cause, including resignation, together with all pertinent information relating to such action. The chief executive officer shall also report any other formal disciplinary action taken against any physician or podiatrist by the hospital upon the recommendation of its medical staff relating to professional ethics, medical incompetence, medical professional liability, moral turpitude or drug or alcohol abuse. Temporary suspension for failure to maintain records on a timely basis or failure to attend staff or section meetings need not be reported. Voluntary cessation of hospital privileges for reasons unrelated to professional competence or ethics need not be reported.
Any managed care organization operating in this state which provides a formal peer review process shall report in writing to the board, within sixty days after the completion of any formal peer review process and also within sixty days after the commencement of and again after the conclusion of any resulting legal action, the name of any physician or podiatrist whose credentialing has been revoked or not renewed by the managed care organization. The managed care organization shall also report in writing to the board any other disciplinary action taken against a physician or podiatrist relating to professional ethics, professional liability, moral turpitude or drug or alcohol abuse within sixty days after completion of a formal peer review process which results in the action taken by the managed care organization. For purposes of this subsection, "managed care organization" means a plan that establishes, operates or maintains a network of health care providers who have entered into agreements with and been credentialed by the plan to provide health care services to enrollees or insureds to whom the plan has the ultimate obligation to arrange for the provision of or payment for health care services through organizational arrangements for ongoing quality assurance, utilization review programs or dispute resolutions.
Any professional society in this state comprised primarily of physicians or podiatrists which takes formal disciplinary action against a member relating to professional ethics, professional incompetence, medical professional liability, moral turpitude or drug or alcohol abuse, shall report in writing to the board within sixty days of a final decision the name of the member, together with all pertinent information relating to the action.
Every person, partnership, corporation, association, insurance company, professional society or other organization providing professional liability insurance to a physician or podiatrist in this state, including the state board of risk and insurance management, shall submit to the board the following information within thirty days from any judgment or settlement of a civil or medical professional liability action excepting product liability actions: The date of any judgment or settlement; whether any appeal has been taken on the judgment and, if so, by which party; the amount of any settlement or judgment against the insured; and other information as the board may require.
Within thirty days from the entry of an order by a court in a medical professional liability action or other civil action wherein a physician or podiatrist licensed by the board is determined to have rendered health care services below the applicable standard of care, the clerk of the court in which the order was entered shall forward a certified copy of the order to the board.
Within thirty days after a person known to be a physician or podiatrist licensed or otherwise lawfully practicing medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state or applying to be so licensed is convicted of a felony under the laws of this state or of any crime under the laws of this state involving alcohol or drugs in any way, including any controlled substance under state or federal law, the clerk of the court of record in which the conviction was entered shall forward to the board a certified true and correct abstract of record of the convicting court. The abstract shall include the name and address of the physician or podiatrist or applicant, the nature of the offense committed and the final judgment and sentence of the court.
Upon a determination of the board that there is probable cause to believe that any person, partnership, corporation, association, insurance company, professional society or other organization has failed or refused to make a report required by this subsection, the board shall provide written notice to the alleged violator stating the nature of the alleged violation and the time and place at which the alleged violator shall appear to show good cause why a civil penalty should not be imposed. The hearing shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of article five, chapter twenty-nine-a of this code. After reviewing the record of the hearing, if the board determines that a violation of this subsection has occurred, the board shall assess a civil penalty of not less than one thousand dollars nor more than ten thousand dollars against the violator. Anyone so assessed shall be notified of the assessment in writing and the notice shall specify the reasons for the assessment. If the violator fails to pay the amount of the assessment to the board within thirty days, the attorney general may institute a civil action in the circuit court of Kanawha County to recover the amount of the assessment. In any such civil action, the court's review of the board's action shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of section four, article five, chapter twenty-nine-a of this code. Notwithstanding any other provision of this article to the contrary, when there are conflicting views by recognized experts as to whether any alleged conduct breaches an applicable standard of care, the evidence must be clear and convincing before the board may find that the physician has demonstrated a lack of professional competence to practice with a reasonable degree of skill and safety for patients.
Any person may report to the board relevant facts about the conduct of any physician or podiatrist in this state which in the opinion of that person amounts to medical professional liability or professional incompetence.
The board shall provide forms for filing reports pursuant to this section. Reports submitted in other forms shall be accepted by the board.
The filing of a report with the board pursuant to any provision of this article, any investigation by the board or any disposition of a case by the board does not preclude any action by a hospital, other health care facility or professional society comprised primarily of physicians or podiatrists to suspend, restrict or revoke the privileges or membership of the physician or podiatrist.
(c) The board may deny an application for license or other authorization to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state and may discipline a physician or podiatrist licensed or otherwise lawfully practicing in this state who, after a hearing, has been adjudged by the board as unqualified due to any of the following reasons:
(1) Attempting to obtain, obtaining, renewing or attempting to renew a license to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry by bribery, fraudulent misrepresentation or through known error of the board;
(2) Being found guilty of a crime in any jurisdiction, which offense is a felony, involves moral turpitude or directly relates to the practice of medicine. Any plea of nolo contendere is a conviction for the purposes of this subdivision;
(3) False or deceptive advertising;
(4) Aiding, assisting, procuring or advising any unauthorized person to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry contrary to law;
(5) Making or filing a report that the person knows to be false; intentionally or negligently failing to file a report or record required by state or federal law; willfully impeding or obstructing the filing of a report or record required by state or federal law; or inducing another person to do any of the foregoing. The reports and records as are herein covered mean only those that are signed in the capacity as a licensed physician or podiatrist;
(6) Requesting, receiving or paying directly or indirectly a payment, rebate, refund, commission, credit or other form of profit or valuable consideration for the referral of patients to any person or entity in connection with providing medical or other health care services or clinical laboratory services, supplies of any kind, drugs, medication or any other medical goods, services or devices used in connection with medical or other health care services;
(7) Unprofessional conduct by any physician or podiatrist in referring a patient to any clinical laboratory or pharmacy in which the physician or podiatrist has a proprietary interest unless the physician or podiatrist discloses in writing such interest to the patient. The written disclosure shall indicate that the patient may choose any clinical laboratory for purposes of having any laboratory work or assignment performed or any pharmacy for purposes of purchasing any prescribed drug or any other medical goods or devices used in connection with medical or other health care services;
As used herein, "proprietary interest" does not include an ownership interest in a building in which space is leased to a clinical laboratory or pharmacy at the prevailing rate under a lease arrangement that is not conditional upon the income or gross receipts of the clinical laboratory or pharmacy;
(8) Exercising influence within a patient-physician relationship for the purpose of engaging a patient in sexual activity;
(9) Making a deceptive, untrue or fraudulent representation in the practice of medicine and surgery or podiatry;
(10) Soliciting patients, either personally or by an agent, through the use of fraud, intimidation or undue influence;
(11) Failing to keep written records justifying the course of treatment of a patient, the records to include, but not be limited to, patient histories, examination and test results and treatment rendered, if any;
(12) Exercising influence on a patient in such a way as to exploit the patient for financial gain of the physician or podiatrist or of a third party. Any influence includes, but is not limited to, the promotion or sale of services, goods, appliances or drugs;
(13) Prescribing, dispensing, administering, mixing or otherwise preparing a prescription drug, including any controlled substance under state or federal law, other than in good faith and in a therapeutic manner in accordance with accepted medical standards and in the course of the physician's or podiatrist's professional practice: Provided, That a physician who discharges his or her professional obligation to relieve the pain and suffering and promote the dignity and autonomy of dying patients in his or her care and, in so doing, exceeds the average dosage of a pain relieving controlled substance, in Schedule II and III of the Uniform Controlled Substance Act, does not violate this article;
(14) Performing any procedure or prescribing any therapy that, by the accepted standards of medical practice in the community, would constitute experimentation on human subjects without first obtaining full, informed and written consent;
(15) Practicing or offering to practice beyond the scope permitted by law or accepting and performing professional responsibilities that the person knows or has reason to know he or she is not competent to perform;
(16) Delegating professional responsibilities to a person when the physician or podiatrist delegating the responsibilities knows or has reason to know that the person is not qualified by training, experience or licensure to perform them;
(17) Violating any provision of this article or a rule or order of the board or failing to comply with a subpoena or subpoena duces tecum issued by the board;
(18) Conspiring with any other person to commit an act or committing an act that would tend to coerce, intimidate or preclude another physician or podiatrist from lawfully advertising his or her services;
(19) Gross negligence in the use and control of prescription forms;
(20) Professional incompetence; or
(21) The inability to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry with reasonable skill and safety due to physical or mental impairment, including deterioration through the aging process or loss of motor skill or abuse of drugs or alcohol. A physician or podiatrist adversely affected under this subdivision shall be afforded an opportunity at reasonable intervals to demonstrate that he or she may resume the competent practice of medicine and surgery or podiatry with reasonable skill and safety to patients. In any proceeding under this subdivision, neither the record of proceedings nor any orders entered by the board shall be used against the physician or podiatrist in any other proceeding.
(d) The board shall deny any application for a license or other authorization to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state to any applicant who, and shall revoke the license of any physician or podiatrist licensed or otherwise lawfully practicing within this state who, is found guilty by any court of competent jurisdiction of any felony involving prescribing, selling, administering, dispensing, mixing or otherwise preparing any prescription drug, including any controlled substance under state or federal law, for other than generally accepted therapeutic purposes. Presentation to the board of a certified copy of the guilty verdict or plea rendered in the court is sufficient proof thereof for the purposes of this article. A plea of nolo contendere has the same effect as a verdict or plea of guilt. Upon application of a physician that has had his or her license revoked because of a drug related felony conviction, upon completion of any sentence of confinement, parole, probation or other court-ordered supervision and full satisfaction of any fines, judgments or other fees imposed by the sentencing court, the board may issue the applicant a new license upon a finding that the physician is, except for the underlying conviction, otherwise qualified to practice medicine: Provided, That the board may place whatever terms, conditions or limitations it deems appropriate upon a physician licensed pursuant to this subsection.
(e) The board may refer any cases coming to its attention to an appropriate committee of an appropriate professional organization for investigation and report. Except for complaints related to obtaining initial licensure to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state by bribery or fraudulent misrepresentation, any complaint filed more than two years after the complainant knew, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have known, of the existence of grounds for the complaint, shall be dismissed: Provided, That in cases of conduct alleged to be part of a pattern of similar misconduct or professional incapacity that, if continued, would pose risks of a serious or substantial nature to the physician or podiatrist's current patients, the investigating body may conduct a limited investigation related to the physician or podiatrist's current capacity and qualification to practice and may recommend conditions, restrictions or limitations on the physician or podiatrist's license to practice that it considers necessary for the protection of the public. Any report shall contain recommendations for any necessary disciplinary measures and shall be filed with the board within ninety days of any referral. The recommendations shall be considered by the board and the case may be further investigated by the board. The board after full investigation shall take whatever action it deems appropriate, as provided herein.
(f) The investigating body, as provided for in subsection (e) of this section, may request and the board under any circumstances may require a physician or podiatrist or person applying for licensure or other authorization to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state to submit to a physical or mental examination by a physician or physicians approved by the board. A physician or podiatrist submitting to any such examination has the right, at his or her expense, to designate another physician to be present at the examination and make an independent report to the investigating body or the board. The expense of the examination shall be paid by the board. Any individual who applies for or accepts the privilege of practicing medicine and surgery or podiatry in this state is considered to have given his or her consent to submit to all examinations when requested to do so in writing by the board and to have waived all objections to the admissibility of the testimony or examination report of any examining physician on the ground that the testimony or report is privileged communication. If a person fails or refuses to submit to any such examination under circumstances which the board finds are not beyond his or her control, failure or refusal is prima facie evidence of his or her inability to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry competently and in compliance with the standards of acceptable and prevailing medical practice.
(g) In addition to any other investigators it employs, the board may appoint one or more licensed physicians to act for it in investigating the conduct or competence of a physician.
(h) In every disciplinary or licensure denial action, the board shall furnish the physician or podiatrist or applicant with written notice setting out with particularity the reasons for its action. Disciplinary and licensure denial hearings shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of article five, chapter twenty-nine-a of this code. However, hearings shall be heard upon sworn testimony and the rules of evidence for trial courts of record in this state shall apply to all hearings. A transcript of all hearings under this section shall be made, and the respondent may obtain a copy of the transcript at his or her expense. The physician or podiatrist has the right to defend against any charge by the introduction of evidence, the right to be represented by counsel, the right to present and cross-examine witnesses and the right to have subpoenas and subpoenas duces tecum issued on his or her behalf for the attendance of witnesses and the production of documents. The board shall make all its final actions public. The order shall contain the terms of all action taken by the board.
(i) In disciplinary actions in which probable cause has been found by the board, the board shall, within twenty days of the date of service of the written notice of charges or sixty days prior to the date of the scheduled hearing, whichever is sooner, provide the respondent with the complete identity, address and telephone number of any person known to the board with knowledge about the facts of any of the charges; provide a copy of any statements in the possession of or under the control of the board; provide a list of proposed witnesses with addresses and telephone numbers, with a brief summary of his or her anticipated testimony; provide disclosure of any trial expert pursuant to the requirements of rule 26(b)(4) of the West Virginia rules of civil procedure; provide inspection and copying of the results of any reports of physical and mental examinations or scientific tests or experiments; and provide a list and copy of any proposed exhibit to be used at the hearing: Provided, That the board shall not be required to furnish or produce any materials which contain opinion work product information or would be a violation of the attorney-client privilege. Within twenty days of the date of service of the written notice of charges, the board shall be required to disclose any exculpatory evidence with a continuing duty to do so throughout the disciplinary process. Within thirty days of receipt of the board's mandatory discovery, the respondent shall provide the board with the complete identity, address and telephone number of any person known to the respondent with knowledge about the facts of any of the charges; provide a list of proposed witnesses with addresses and telephone numbers, to be called at hearing, with a brief summary of his or her anticipated testimony; provide disclosure of any trial expert pursuant to the requirements of rule 26(b)(4) of the West Virginia rules of civil procedure; provide inspection and copying of the results of any reports of physical and mental examinations or scientific tests or experiments; and provide a list and copy of any proposed exhibit to be used at the hearing.
(j) Whenever it finds any person unqualified because of any of the grounds set forth in subsection (c) of this section, the board may enter an order imposing one or more of the following:
(1) Deny his or her application for a license or other authorization to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry;
(2) Administer a public reprimand;
(3) Suspend, limit or restrict his or her license or other authorization to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry for not more than five years, including limiting the practice of that person to, or by the exclusion of, one or more areas of practice, including limitations on practice privileges;
(4) Revoke his or her license or other authorization to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry or to prescribe or dispense controlled substances for a period not to exceed ten years;
(5) Require him or her to submit to care, counseling or treatment designated by the board as a condition for initial or continued licensure or renewal of licensure or other authorization to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry;
(6) Require him or her to participate in a program of education prescribed by the board;
(7) Require him or her to practice under the direction of a physician or podiatrist designated by the board for a specified period of time; and
(8) Assess a civil fine of not less than one thousand dollars nor more than ten thousand dollars.
(k) Notwithstanding the provisions of section eight, article one, chapter thirty of this code, if the board determines the evidence in its possession indicates that a physician's or podiatrist's continuation in practice or unrestricted practice constitutes an immediate danger to the public, the board may take any of the actions provided for in subsection (j) of this section on a temporary basis and without a hearing if institution of proceedings for a hearing before the board are initiated simultaneously with the temporary action and begin within fifteen days of the action. The board shall render its decision within five days of the conclusion of a hearing under this subsection.
(l) Any person against whom disciplinary action is taken pursuant to the provisions of this article has the right to judicial review as provided in articles five and six, chapter twenty-nine-a of this code: Provided, That a circuit judge may also remand the matter to the board if it appears from competent evidence presented to it in support of a motion for remand that there is newly discovered evidence of such a character as ought to produce an opposite result at a second hearing on the merits before the board and:
(1) The evidence appears to have been discovered since the board hearing; and
(2) The physician or podiatrist exercised due diligence in asserting his or her evidence and that due diligence would not have secured the newly discovered evidence prior to the appeal. A person may not practice medicine and surgery or podiatry or deliver health care services in violation of any disciplinary order revoking, suspending or limiting his or her license while any appeal is pending. Within sixty days, the board shall report its final action regarding restriction, limitation, suspension or revocation of the license of a physician or podiatrist, limitation on practice privileges or other disciplinary action against any physician or podiatrist to all appropriate state agencies, appropriate licensed health facilities and hospitals, insurance companies or associations writing medical malpractice insurance in this state, the American medical association, the American podiatry association, professional societies of physicians or podiatrists in the state and any entity responsible for the fiscal administration of medicare and medicaid.
(m) Any person against whom disciplinary action has been taken under the provisions of this article shall, at reasonable intervals, be afforded an opportunity to demonstrate that he or she can resume the practice of medicine and surgery or podiatry on a general or limited basis. At the conclusion of a suspension, limitation or restriction period the physician or podiatrist may resume practice if the board has so ordered.
(n) Any entity, organization or person, including the board, any member of the board, its agents or employees and any entity or organization or its members referred to in this article, any insurer, its agents or employees, a medical peer review committee and a hospital governing board, its members or any committee appointed by it acting without malice and without gross negligence in making any report or other information available to the board or a medical peer review committee pursuant to law and any person acting without malice and without gross negligence who assists in the organization, investigation or preparation of any such report or information or assists the board or a hospital governing body or any committee in carrying out any of its duties or functions provided by law is immune from civil or criminal liability, except that the unlawful disclosure of confidential information possessed by the board is a misdemeanor as provided for in this article.
(o) A physician or podiatrist may request in writing to the board a limitation on or the surrendering of his or her license to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry or other appropriate sanction as provided herein. The board may grant the request and, if it considers it appropriate, may waive the commencement or continuation of other proceedings under this section. A physician or podiatrist whose license is limited or surrendered or against whom other action is taken under this subsection may, at reasonable intervals, petition for removal of any restriction or limitation on or for reinstatement of his or her license to practice medicine and surgery or podiatry.
(p) In every case considered by the board under this article regarding discipline or licensure, whether initiated by the board or upon complaint or information from any person or organization, the board shall make a preliminary determination as to whether probable cause exists to substantiate charges of disqualification due to any reason set forth in subsection (c) of this section. If probable cause is found to exist, all proceedings on the charges shall be open to the public who shall be entitled to all reports, records and nondeliberative materials introduced at the hearing, including the record of the final action taken: Provided, That any medical records, which were introduced at the hearing and which pertain to a person who has not expressly waived his or her right to the confidentiality of the records, may not be open to the public nor is the public entitled to the records.
(q) If the board receives notice that a physician or podiatrist has been subjected to disciplinary action or has had his or her credentials suspended or revoked by the board, a hospital or a professional society, as defined in subsection (b) of this section, for three or more incidents during a five-year period, the board shall require the physician or podiatrist to practice under the direction of a physician or podiatrist designated by the board for a specified period of time to be established by the board.
        (r) Notwithstanding any other provisions of this article, the board may, at any time, on its own motion, or upon motion by the complainant, or upon motion by the physician or podiatrist, or by stipulation of the parties, refer the matter to mediation. The board shall obtain a list from the West Virginia state bar's mediator referral service of certified mediators with expertise in professional disciplinary matters. The board and the physician or podiatrist may choose a mediator from this list. If the board and the physician or podiatrist are unable to agree on a mediator, the board shall designate a mediator from this listing by neutral rotation. The mediation shall not be considered a proceeding open to the public and any reports and records introduced at the mediation shall not become part of the public record. The mediator and all participants in the mediation shall maintain and preserve the confidentiality of all mediation proceedings and records. The mediator may not be subpoenaed or called to testify or otherwise be subject to process requiring disclosure of confidential information in any proceeding relating to or arising out of the disciplinary or licensure matter mediated: Provided, That any confidentiality agreement and any written agreement made and signed by the parties as a result of mediation may be used in any proceedings subsequently instituted to enforce the written agreement. The agreements may be used in other proceedings if the parties agree in writing.
 

§30-3-15. Medical corporations; podiatry corporations; application for registration; fees; notice to secretary of state of issuance of certificate; action by secretary of state; rights and limitations generally; biennial registration; when practice to cease; admissibility and effect of certificate signed by secretary of board; criminal penalty; severability.
      (a) When one or more physicians duly licensed to practice medicine and surgery in this state under this article, or one or more physicians duly licensed under this article and one or more physicians duly licensed under article fourteen of this chapter, or one or more podiatrists duly licensed to practice podiatry in this state wish to form a medical or podiatry corporation, respectively, such physician or physicians or podiatrist or podiatrists shall file a written application therefor with the board on a form prescribed by it and shall furnish proof satisfactory to the board that each applicant is a duly licensed physician or podiatrist. A fee, not to exceed five hundred dollars, the amount of such fee to be set by the board, shall accompany each application. Upon its determination that each applicant is duly licensed, the board shall notify the secretary of state that a certificate of authorization has been issued to the person or persons making the application. When the secretary of state receives such notification from the board, he or she shall attach such authorization to the corporation application and, upon compliance by the corporation with the pertinent provisions of chapter thirty-one of this code, shall notify the incorporators that such corporation, through duly licensed physicians or through duly licensed podiatrists, may engage in the practice of medicine and surgery or the practice of podiatry.
      (b) A medical corporation may practice medicine and surgery only through individual physicians duly licensed to practice medicine and surgery in this state and a podiatrist may practice podiatry only through individual podiatrists duly licensed to practice podiatry in this state, but such physicians or podiatrists may be employees rather than shareholders of such corporation, and nothing herein contained shall be construed to require a license for or other legal authorization of any individual employed by such corporation to perform services for which no license or other legal authorization is otherwise required. Nothing contained in this article is meant or intended to change in any way the rights, duties, privileges, responsibilities and liabilities incident to the physician-patient or podiatrist-patient relationship nor is it meant or intended to change in any way the personal character of the physician-patient or podiatrist-patient relationship. A corporation holding such certificate of authorization shall register biennially, on or before the thirtieth day of June, on a form prescribed by the board, and shall pay an annual registration fee not to exceed three hundred dollars, the amount of such fee to be set by the board.
      (c) A medical or podiatry corporation holding a certificate of authorization shall cease to engage in the practice of medicine and surgery or the practice of podiatry upon being notified by the board that any of its shareholders is no longer a duly licensed physician or podiatrist, or when any shares of such corporation have been sold or disposed of to a person who is not a duly licensed physician or podiatrist: Provided, That the personal representative of a deceased shareholder shall have a period, not to exceed twelve months from the date of such shareholder's death, to dispose of such shares; but nothing contained herein shall be construed as affecting the existence of such corporation or its right to continue to operate for all lawful purposes other than the practice of medicine and surgery or the practice of podiatry.
      (d) No corporation shall practice medicine and surgery or any of its branches, or hold itself out as being capable of practicing medicine and surgery, or practice podiatry or hold itself out as being capable of practicing podiatry, without a certificate from the board; nor shall any corporation practice medicine and surgery or any of its branches or hold itself out as being capable of practicing medicine and surgery, or practice podiatry or hold itself out as being capable of practicing podiatry, after its certificate has been revoked, or if suspended, during the term of such suspension. A certificate signed by the secretary of the board to which is affixed the official seal of the board to the effect that it appears from the records of the board that no such certificate to practice medicine and surgery or any of its branches, or to practice podiatry, in the state has been issued to any such corporation specified therein or that such certificate has been revoked or suspended shall be admissible in evidence in all courts of this state and shall be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.
      (e) Any officer, shareholder or employee of such corporation who participates in a violation of any provision of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not exceeding one thousand dollars.
 

§30-3-16. Physician assistants; definitions; Board of Medicine rules; annual report; licensure; temporary license; relicensure; job description required; revocation or suspension of licensure; responsibilities of supervising physician; legal responsibility for physician assistants; reporting by health care facilities; identification; limitations on employment and duties; fees; continuing education; unlawful representation of physician assistant as a physician; criminal penalties.
      (a) As used in this section:
      (1) "Approved program" means an educational program for physician assistants approved and accredited by the Committee on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs or its successor;
      (2) "Health care facility" means any licensed hospital, nursing home, extended care facility, state health or mental institution, clinic or physician's office;
      (3) "Physician assistant" means an assistant to a physician who is a graduate of an approved program of instruction in primary health care or surgery, has attained a baccalaureate or master's degree, has passed the national certification examination and is qualified to perform direct patient care services under the supervision of a physician;
      (4) "Physician assistant-midwife" means a physician assistant who meets all qualifications set forth under subdivision (3) of this subsection and fulfills the requirements set forth in subsection (d) of this section, is subject to all provisions of this section and assists in the management and care of a woman and her infant during the prenatal, delivery and postnatal periods; and
      (5) "Supervising physician" means a doctor or doctors of medicine or podiatry permanently and fully licensed in this state without restriction or limitation who assume legal and supervisory responsibility for the work or training of any physician assistant under his or her supervision.
      (b) The board shall promulgate rules pursuant to the provisions of article three, chapter twenty-nine-a of this code governing the extent to which physician assistants may function in this state. The rules shall provide that the physician assistant is limited to the performance of those services for which he or she is trained and that he or she performs only under the supervision and control of a physician permanently licensed in this state, but that supervision and control does not require the personal presence of the supervising physician at the place or places where services are rendered if the physician assistant's normal place of employment is on the premises of the supervising physician. The supervising physician may send the physician assistant off the premises to perform duties under his or her direction, but a separate place of work for the physician assistant may not be established. In promulgating the rules, the board shall allow the physician assistant to perform those procedures and examinations and in the case of certain authorized physician assistants to prescribe at the direction of his or her supervising physician in accordance with subsection (r) of this section those categories of drugs submitted to it in the job description required by this section. Certain authorized physician assistants may pronounce death in accordance with the rules proposed by the board which receive legislative approval. The board shall compile and publish an annual report that includes a list of currently licensed physician assistants and their supervising physician(s) and location in the state.
      (c) The board shall license as a physician assistant any person who files an application together with a proposed job description and furnishes satisfactory evidence to it that he or she has met the following standards:
      (1) Is a graduate of an approved program of instruction in primary health care or surgery;
      (2) Has passed the certifying examination for a primary care physician assistant administered by the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants and has maintained certification by that commission so as to be currently certified;
      (3) Is of good moral character; and
      (4) Has attained a baccalaureate or master's degree.
      (d) The board shall license as a physician assistant-midwife any person who meets the standards set forth under subsection (c) of this section and, in addition thereto, the following standards:
      (1) Is a graduate of a school of midwifery accredited by the American college of nurse-midwives;
      (2) Has passed an examination approved by the board; and
      (3) Practices midwifery under the supervision of a board-certified obstetrician, gynecologist or a board-certified family practice physician who routinely practices obstetrics.
      (e) The board may license as a physician assistant any person who files an application together with a proposed job description and furnishes satisfactory evidence that he or she is of good moral character and meets either of the following standards:
      (1) He or she is a graduate of an approved program of instruction in primary health care or surgery prior to the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred ninety-four, and has passed the certifying examination for a physician assistant administered by the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants and has maintained certification by that commission so as to be currently certified; or
      (2) He or she had been certified by the board as a physician assistant then classified as "Type B" prior to the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred eighty-three.
      (f) Licensure of an assistant to a physician practicing the specialty of ophthalmology is permitted under this section: Provided, That a physician assistant may not dispense a prescription for a refraction.
      (g) When a graduate of an approved program who has successfully passed the national commission on certification of physician assistants' certifying examination submits an application to the board for a physician assistant license, accompanied by a job description as referenced by this section, and a fifty dollar temporary license fee, and the application is complete, the board shall issue to that applicant a temporary license allowing that applicant to function as a physician assistant.
      (h) When a graduate of an approved program submits an application to the board for a physician assistant license, accompanied by a job description as referenced by this section, and a fifty dollar temporary license fee, and the application is complete, the board shall issue to that applicant a temporary license allowing that applicant to function as a physician assistant until the applicant successfully passes the national commission on certification of physician assistants' certifying examination: Provided, That the applicant shall sit for and obtain a passing score on the examination next offered following graduation from the approved program.
      (i) No applicant may receive a temporary license who, following graduation from an approved program, has sat for and not obtained a passing score on the examination.
      (j) A physician assistant who has not been certified by the national commission on certification of physician assistants will be restricted to work under the direct supervision of the supervising physician.
      (k) A physician assistant who has been issued a temporary license shall, within thirty days of receipt of written notice from the national commission on certification of physician assistants of his or her performance on the certifying examination, notify the board in writing of his or her results. In the event of failure of that examination, the temporary license shall expire and terminate automatically and the board shall so notify the physician assistant in writing.
      (l) In the event that a physician assistant fails a recertification examination of the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants and is no longer certified, the physician assistant shall immediately notify his or her supervising physician or physicians and the board in writing. The physician assistant shall immediately cease practicing, the license shall expire and terminate automatically, and the physician assistant is not eligible for reinstatement until he or she has obtained a passing score on the examination.
      (m) Any physician applying to the board to supervise a physician assistant shall affirm that the range of medical services set forth in the physician assistant's job description are consistent with the skills and training of the supervising physician and the physician assistant. Before a physician assistant can be employed or otherwise use his or her skills, the supervising physician and the physician assistant must obtain approval of the job description from the board. The board may revoke or suspend any license of an assistant to a physician for cause, after giving that assistant an opportunity to be heard in the manner provided by article five, chapter twenty-nine-a of this code and as set forth in rules duly adopted by the board.
      (n) The supervising physician is responsible for observing, directing and evaluating the work, records and practices of each physician assistant performing under his or her supervision. He or she shall notify the board in writing of any termination of his or her supervisory relationship with a physician assistant within ten days of the termination. The legal responsibility for any physician assistant remains with the supervising physician at all times, including occasions when the assistant under his or her direction and supervision, aids in the care and treatment of a patient in a health care facility. In his or her absence, a supervising physician must designate an alternate supervising physician, however, the legal responsibility remains with the supervising physician at all times. A health care facility is not legally responsible for the actions or omissions of the physician assistant unless the physician assistant is an employee of the facility.
      (o) The acts or omissions of a physician assistant employed by health care facilities providing inpatient or outpatient services shall be the legal responsibility of the facilities. Physician assistants employed by facilities in staff positions shall be supervised by a permanently licensed physician.
      (p) A health care facility shall report in writing to the board within sixty days after the completion of the facility's formal disciplinary procedure, and also after the commencement, and again after the conclusion, of any resulting legal action, the name of any physician assistant practicing in the facility whose privileges at the facility have been revoked, restricted, reduced or terminated for any cause including resignation, together with all pertinent information relating to the action. The health care facility shall also report any other formal disciplinary action taken against any physician assistant by the facility relating to professional ethics, medical incompetence, medical malpractice, moral turpitude or drug or alcohol abuse. Temporary suspension for failure to maintain records on a timely basis or failure to attend staff or section meetings need not be reported.
      (q) When functioning as a physician assistant, the physician assistant shall wear a name tag that identifies him or her as a physician assistant. A two and one-half by three and one-half inch card of identification shall be furnished by the board upon licensure of the physician assistant.
      (r) A physician assistant may write or sign prescriptions or transmit prescriptions by word of mouth, telephone or other means of communication at the direction of his or her supervising physician. A fee of fifty dollars will be charged for prescription writing privileges. The board shall promulgate rules pursuant to the provisions of article three, chapter twenty-nine-a of this code governing the eligibility and extent to which a physician assistant may prescribe at the direction of the supervising physician. The rules shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
      (1) Provisions for approving a state formulary classifying pharmacologic categories of drugs that may be prescribed by a physician assistant:
      (A) The following categories of drugs shall be excluded from the formulary: Schedules I and II of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, anticoagulants, antineoplastic, radiopharmaceuticals, general anesthetics and radiographic contrast materials;
      (B) Drugs listed under Schedule III shall be limited to a 72-hour supply without refill; and
      (C) Categories of other drugs may be excluded as determined by the board.
      (2) All pharmacological categories of drugs to be prescribed by a physician assistant shall be listed in each job description submitted to the board as required in subsection (i) of this section;
      (3) The maximum dosage a physician assistant may prescribe;
      (4) A requirement that to be eligible for prescription privileges, a physician assistant shall have performed patient care services for a minimum of two years immediately preceding the submission to the board of the job description containing prescription privileges and shall have successfully completed an accredited course of instruction in clinical pharmacology approved by the board; and
      (5) A requirement that to maintain prescription privileges, a physician assistant shall continue to maintain National Certification as a Physician Assistant and, in meeting the national certification requirements, shall complete a minimum of ten hours of continuing education in rational drug therapy in each certification period. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to permit a physician assistant to independently prescribe or dispense drugs.
      (s) A supervising physician may not supervise at any one time more than three full-time physician assistants or their equivalent, except that a physician may supervise up to four hospital-employed physician as